Kufanele Abathengi Bawahlole Kanjani Amakhabhinethi Okusabalalisa Amandla Ukuze Kutholwe Iphrojekthi?
Ikhabhinethi yokusabalalisa amandla kufanele ihlolwe kusukela ohlelweni lukagesi ukuya ngaphandle: izici zokuhlinzeka, ishejuli yomthwalo, i-current short-circuit current, ifilosofi yokuvikela, indawo yokufaka, indawo ebiyelwe, izixhumanisi zekhebula, ukufinyelela ukulungiswa kanye nemibhalo yokuqinisekisa. Usayizi weKhabhinethi kanye nohlu lwezingxenye kuza kamuva. Uma lokho okokufaka kokuqala kungaphelele, abahlinzeki bangase bacaphune izilinganiso ezinezilinganiso zamanje ezihlukene, imisebenzi yokuvikela, amamajini ashisayo noma ububanzi bephrojekthi ngisho nalapho ukubuka kwangaphambili kubukeka kufana.
Inkulumo ethi "ibhokisi lokulawula ugesi lisekela" lidinga nokucaciswa ekuqaleni kophenyo. Kungase kubhekisele kubakaki abakhwezwayo ngokomzimba, ukusekelwa kobunjiniyela bohlelo lokulawula noma ukunikezwa kwekhabhinethi yokusabalalisa ephelele. Yisho okulethwayo okudingekayo futhi uchaze umngcele wakho kumdwebo womugqa owodwa ngaphambi kokuqhathanisa okunikezwayo.
Chaza indima yekhabhinethi kumdwebo womugqa owodwa
Ikhabhinethi yokusabalalisa ingathola ukunikezwa okungenayo, ihlukanise amandla phakathi kweziphakeli eziphumayo, ivikele amasekhethi, amandla wamamitha kanye nesixhumi esibonakalayo ngezilawuli zezitshalo. Indima yayo ngqo inquma ukuthi yiziphi izilinganiso nemisebenzi edingekayo. Umhlangano omkhulu wokusabalalisa, ikhabethe le-motor feeder kanye nephaneli yegatsha lendawo akuyona imikhiqizo elinganayo.
Qala ngomdwebo womugqa owodwa olawulwa ukubuyekezwa obonisa umthombo, i-transformer noma idivayisi ekhuphuka nomfula, umtholi, izigaba zamabhasi, i-coupler uma ikhona, amasekhethi aphumayo kanye nemithwalo emikhulu. Khomba izindlela zokuhlinzeka ezivamile nezinye. Uma i-generator standby, umthombo we-photovoltaic noma enye i-transformer ingakwazi ukondla ibhasi, izindlela zokusebenza kufanele zibonakale ngoba zingashintsha izinga lephutha kanye nezidingo ezihlanganisiwe.
Umngcele wobubanzi bomthengi kufanele umakwe ngokucacile njenge-topology kagesi. Yisho ukuthi ingabe i-oda lihlanganisa kuphela ikhabhinethi ehlanganisiwe noma izintambo zenkundla, izindlala zekhebula, ukuxhumana kwemigudu yebhasi, i-I/O ekude, izingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha zokuxhumana, ukufakwa kwesayithi, izilungiselelo zokugunyaza nezokuvikela. Imingcele engaphawuliwe ivama ukukhishwa ngaphandle kwezentengiso ngemva kwe-oda.
Misa idatha yokuhlinzeka kanye neshejuli yokulayisha
I-voltage, imvamisa kanye nokuhlelwa kwe-earthing kuyizinto eziyisisekelo, kodwa azilinganisi yonke inhlangano. Ishejuli yokulayisha kufanele ihlonze isiphakeli ngasinye, uhlobo lomthwalo, amandla alinganiselwe noma amanje, umsebenzi wokusebenza, indlela yokuqala, isici samandla lapho kusebenza khona kufanele futhi kulindelwe ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ama-motor ane-direct-on-line yokuqala aziphatha ngendlela ehlukile kuma-variable-speed drives noma iziqalisi ezithambile. Imithwalo yokushisisa, ukukhanya kanye namasekhethi awusizo kudala enye iphethini.
Sebenzisa ukuhlukahluka kuphela ngesisekelo sokuklama okuvunyelwene ngaso. Ukwengeza ama-nameplate currents kungaba mkhulu kakhulu umhlangano, kuyilapho into enethemba lokuhlukahluka ingashiya imajini encane kakhulu yokushisa. Umklami udinga ukuqonda ukuthi yimiphi imithwalo egijima ngokuqhubekayo, eqala ndawonye nokuthi umthamo wesikhathi esizayo ugodliwe yini. Izindlela eziyisipele kanye nomthamo wamanje osele kuyizidingo ezihlukene; i-cubicle engenalutho ayifaki ubufakazi bokuthi ibha yebhasi kanye nedizayini eshisayo ingasekela i-feeder yesikhathi esizayo.
Izinguquko kushejuli yokulayisha kufanele zicuphe isheke lesilinganiso sebha yebhasi, ukuvikelwa kwesiphakeli, usayizi wekhebula, ukukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa nesakhiwo sendawo ebiyelwe. Ukwengeza sekwephuzile kungase kube lula ukudwetshwa ngokomzimba kodwa kubonakale ngogesi.
Izimo zesifunda esifushane zibeka umngcele okungaxoxiswana ngawo
Isilinganiso samanje sichaza ukusebenza okuvamile. Umsebenzi wesifunda esifushane uchaza lokho isistimu okufanele imelane noma iphazamise phakathi nephutha. Iphutha okungenzeka libe khona endaweni yekhabhinethi lincike emthonjeni okhuphuka nomfula, i-impedance ye-transformer, impedance ye-conductor kanye nokucushwa kokusebenza. Ayikwazi ukukhethwa kusukela kubukhulu bekhabhinethi.
Nikeza ngezinga lephutha elibaliwe noma idatha yomthombo edingekayo ukuze kusungulwe, kanye nobude bephutha obudingekayo kanye nohlelo lokuvikela. Ukuhlanganiswa kokumelana nesilinganiso, umthamo wokuphulwa kwedivayisi yokuvikela kanye nesistimu yebha yebhasi kufanele kuhlanganiswe nalowo msebenzi. Uma idivayisi yokuvikela ekhuphuka nomfula kuthenjelwe kuyo ekusebenzeni kwesekethe emfushane enemibandela, uhlobo lwayo lwangempela nezilungiselelo kuba yingxenye yokucushwa okuqinisekisiwe.
Ukuxhumanisa ukuvikela nakho kuthinta ukuqhubeka. Ukusebenza okukhethekile kungase kudingeke ukuze iphutha eliphansi lomfula lingavuli umtholi omkhulu futhi limise isitshalo sonke. Unjiniyela wephrojekthi kufanele achaze ukucwasa okudingekayo, ukuvikela ikhophi yasenqolobaneni kanye nesifundo sokuhlela uhambo. Umhlinzeki wekhabhinethi angabuyisela idatha yedivayisi nohlelo oluhlongozwayo, kodwa akakwazi ukweqa umngcele wokunqamuka owamukelekayo ohlwini lomthwalo kuphela.
Sebenzisa umndeni ojwayelekile olungile futhi usho uhlelo lwephrojekthi
Ngemihlangano ye-switchgear ene-low-voltage kanye ne-controlgear, i-IEC 61439-1:2020 inikeza imithetho evamile, kodwa i-IEC ithi Ingxenye 1 ayikwazi ukusetshenziswa iyodwa ukuze ucacise umhlangano noma ukunquma ukuhambisana. Isebenza nengxenye yomkhiqizo efanele. I-IEC 61439-2:2020 inikeza izidingo ezithile zemishini yokushintsha amandla kanye nemishini yokulawula ngaphakathi kwendawo yayo.
Amashejuli amafa asengacaphuna i-IEC 60439-1. I-IEC ihlonza lokho kushicilelwa njengokuthathelwa indawo uchungechunge lwe-IEC 61439. Ungashintshi buthule inkomba yenkontileka, futhi ungayiphindi ngaphandle kokubuyekezwa. Umthengi, umklami kanye nomphakeli kufanele bavumelane ngezinga elisebenzayo, uhlelo nokuphathwa koshintsho ngaphambi kokugunyazwa kwekhotheshini.
Izinga lokuhlanganisa alithathi indawo yawo wonke amadokhumenti ephrojekthi. Umdwebo womugqa owodwa ulawula inhloso yesifunda; izifundo zomthwalo kanye namaphutha zinikeza idatha yesistimu; imininingwane yephrojekthi ichaza ukufakwa, izingxenye kanye nemibhalo; imithetho kazwelonke ingase ibeke izidingo ezengeziwe. Lapho ikhabethe liyingxenye yemishini kagesi yomshini, i-IEC 60204-1 ingase ihlobane nesixhumi esibonakalayo esiseceleni komshini. Ububanzi bayo buqala endaweni yokuxhuma kumshini kagesi womshini, ukuze lowo mngcele uboniswe kunokuba ucatshangelwe.
Humusha indawo yesayithi ibe yizimfuneko zendawo ebiyelwe
Indoor akusho ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuhlanzeka. Izitshalo ezihlanganisiwe nezimbiwayo zingadalula okokusebenza kukagesi othulini oluphuma emoyeni, ukudlidliza, ukushisa kanye nokuwashwa. Ukufakwa kwangaphandle kwengeza imvula, ukufudumeza kwelanga, ukujiya kanye nokugqwala. Ukuphakama kungathinta ukusebenza kokupholisa nokufakwa kwe-insulation. Rekhoda izinga lokushisa eliphansi neliphezulu kakhulu le-ambient, ukuphakama, umswakama, uthuli, ukuchayeka kwamanzi, umoya ogqwalile, ukudlidliza nendawo yokufaka.
I ukusekela uhla lokulawula ugesi ibonisa umndeni obanzi we-switchgear, ukusatshalaliswa nokulawula imikhiqizo. Ukukhethwa kwephrojekthi kusancike endaweni kanye nomsebenzi wesistimu. Incazelo yekhabhinethi kufanele isho ukuthi ifakwe odongeni noma iphansi, ingaphakathi noma ingaphandle, nokuthi izintambo zingena kanjani.
I-IEC 60529 ihlukanisa ukuvikelwa kwendawo ebiyelwe kusetshenziswa Ikhodi ye-IP. Isilinganiso se-IP sichaza ukuvikeleka okuchaziwe ekufinyeleleni, ezintweni eziqinile namanzi ngaphansi kokuhlolwa okujwayelekile; ayizifaki ngokwayo ukumelana nokugqwala, ukulawula ukujiya, ukumelana nomthelela noma ukuguga kwe-gasket yesikhathi eside. Lezo zidingo zidinga izinto ezihlukene, izinqumo zokwakha kanye nokugcinwa kwazo.
Ukuvikela okuphezulu kwendawo ebiyelwe kungashintsha ukwakheka okushisayo
Indawo ebiyelwe eqinile inganciphisa ukushintshana komoya opholile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ama-breaker, amabhasi, othintana nabo, oshayelayo, izinsiza zamandla kanye nama-transformer akhulula ukushisa. Ukuphakamisa okuqondiwe kwe-IP ngaphandle kokuphinde ubuyekeze ukunyuka kwezinga lokushisa kungase kuguqule ukuthuthukiswa kwemvelo kube inkinga yokushisa.
Ukuhlola okushisayo kufanele kusebenzise ukulahlekelwa kwengxenye efakiwe, umthwalo kanyekanye, ubukhulu bendawo ebiyelwe, indlela yokungenisa umoya kanye nendawo ezungezile. Ukungenisa komoya kwemvelo, amafeni ahlungiwe, ama-air-to-air exchanger noma ezinye izindlela zokupholisa ngayinye ishintsha ukucatshangelwa kokulungisa nokungena. Uma amafeni noma izihlungi zifakiwe, ukunikezwa kwazo, abathintwayo be-alamu, ukufinyelela okumiselela kanye nezimfuneko eziyisipele ziyingxenye yekhotheshini.
Izilinganiso zengxenye zingadinga ukuncishiswa kwezinga lokushisa lendawo ebiyelwe noma ukuphakama. Umphakeli kufanele ahlonze i-ambient design, ukwehla okusetshenzisiwe kanye nesisekelo sokuqinisekisa ukukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa. Ikhathalogi yengxenye yamanje ayikona okwamanje okuvunyelwe ngokuzenzakalela uma ifakwa kukhabhinethi enabantu abaningi.
Isakhiwo sikamakhenikha kufanele silandele ikhebula nezindawo zokulungisa
Umdwebo ojwayelekile wohlelo kufanele ubonise ubukhulu obuphelele, izindawo zokukhweza, ukushwiba komnyango, uthayela, izindawo zokungena ikhebula, izindawo zokuphakamisa kanye nezindawo ezidingekayo zokuvunyelwa kwesevisi. Ngaphakathi kwendawo ebiyelwe, qinisekisa isikhala sokugoba umqhubi, amapuleti endlala, amatheminali, ama-transformer amanje, izinto zokuvikela kanye namasekhethi azayo. Izintambo zasensimini zivame ukuguquguquka kancane kunalokho okushiwo umdwebo wangaphambili.
Okungenayo okuphezulu noma okuphansi kushintsha umzila wekhebula futhi kungase kushintshe ukwakheka kwekhabhinethi. Izintambo ezinkulu ezihambisanayo zidinga isikhala esanele sokugoba kanye nokufinyelela kokunqanyulwa. Ukuxhunywa kwemigudu yebhasi noma i-transformer kudinga isikhala esilawulwayo sesigaba, ukuqondanisa nobukhulu bokusebenza. Le mininingwane yomshini kufanele ivunyelwe ngaphambi kokwenziwa ngoba ukuhambisa oholayo ngemva kokwakhiwa kwesistimu yebhasi kungase kuthinte sonke isakhiwo.
Ukufinyelela kokulungisa kungokunye okokufaka komklamo. Amadivayisi adinga ukulungiswa, ukuhoxiswa, ukuhlolwa noma ukushintshwa kufanele kufinyeleleke ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka okungadingekile kwamasekhethi anamandla noma angahlobene, kuncike emithethweni yokuphepha esebenzayo. Izingidi zeminyango, izivimbelo, izivalo kanye nokwahlukaniswa kwangaphakathi kufanele kubonise ifilosofi yokusebenza nokunakekela kunokuthanda okujwayelekile.
Khetha izingxenye njengomhlangano ohlanganisiwe
Ishejuli yengxenye kufanele ikhombe izidingo zokusebenza ngaphambi kwemikhiqizo ekhethwayo noma uchungechunge. Ama-breaker adinga isilinganiso esifanele samanje, i-voltage, izigxobo, umthamo wokuphuka kanye nemisebenzi yohambo. Othintwayo, ama-relay, amamitha, izisetshenziswa zokuvikela ezihlinzayo kanye nezinto zokulawula amandla kufanele zilingane nomsebenzi wesekethe nokulawula izakhiwo. Izimiso zokuxhumana, ubunikazi bekheli kanye nohlu lwamaphuzu edatha kufanele kuchazwe lapho ikhabhinethi ixhumeka khona ohlelweni lokulawula izitshalo.
Ukuxuba izingxenye ezaziwayo akudali ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuhlangana okuqinisekisiwe. Ukuhlelwa kwe-Busbar, usayizi we-conductor, ukucaciswa, ukukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa, amasekhethi okuvikela kanye nendawo ebiyelwe konke kuyasebenzisana. Ukuqinisekiswa kwe-IEC 61439 kusebenza ekwakhiweni nasekwakhiweni komhlangano, hhayi ezitifiketini zedivayisi ngayinye.
Imithetho yokufaka esikhundleni kufanele ivele kwikhotheshini. Uma ukwenza okugunyaziwe kuyimpoqo, bhala uhlu. Uma okulinganayo kuvunyelwe, dinga ukuthi umphakeli amemezele ezinye izindlela ngaphambi kokukhiqiza futhi abuyisele izilinganiso ezithintekile, ubukhulu kanye nokwehluka kokuxhumana. Ukushintsha buthule kungaphazamisa ukuhlelwa kwezingxenye eziyisipele nokuhlanganiswa kwesayithi ngisho nalapho izilinganiso zikagesi zibonakala zifana.
Hlukanisa ubufakazi obuvalekile obungenalutho kusukela ekuqinisekisweni komhlangano
Ikhabethe elingenalutho kanye nomhlangano wamandla oqediwe kuyimikhiqizo ehlukene. I-IEC 62208:2023 ikhuluma ngezindawo ezivalekile ezingenalutho zemishini yokushintsha i-voltage ephansi kanye nemishini yokulawula ngaphakathi kwendawo yayo. Ulwazi lokuthotshelwa kwendawo ebiyelwe lungasekela ukukhethwa kwempahla nokwakhiwa, kodwa aluqinisekisi ukusebenza komhlangano onabantu abaningi.
Uma izingxenye, amabhasi kanye nezintambo sezifakiwe, umenzi womhlangano uhlala enesibopho sokuqinisekisa okusebenzayo komhlangano kanye nokuqinisekisa okujwayelekile. Ngakho-ke, imininingwane yokuthenga kufanele icele ubufakazi obusezingeni elifanele: idatha yendawo evalekile, idatha yengxenye yamadivayisi namarekhodi okuhlanganisa ekhabhinethi eqediwe.
Lo mngcele uvimbela igebe elivamile lamadokhumenti. Ifolda ewugqinsi yezitifiketi zengxenye ingase ishiye isisekelo sokuqinisekisa umklamo, imiphumela yokuhlola evamile noma ukuhlola izintambo okuqondene nephrojekthi kukhabethe elithunyelwayo.
Cacisa imidwebo namarekhodi okuhlola ngaphambi kokuthi ukukhiqizwa kuqale
Ukubuyekezwa kwedokhumenti kuyingxenye yokulawulwa kokukhiqiza. Chaza ukulandelana kokuthunyelwa kanye nesimo sokugunyazwa somdwebo womugqa owodwa, ukuhlelwa okuvamile, imidwebo yeskimu, uhlelo lwetheminali, isimiso sengxenye, idatha yebha, imininingwane yokufaka ikhebula, ukwakheka kokuxhumana kanye neshejuli yelebula. Izinombolo zokubuyekeza kufanele zidlulele ephaketheni lokugcina njengoba lakhiwe.
Okuxhunyiwe iKhabhinethi yokusabalalisa amandla ikhasi lihlonza umkhiqizo oqondiwe kanye nomxholo wawo wokumisa ogxile kuphrojekthi. Ikhasi lomkhiqizo oshicilelwe alikwazi ukuqukatha umthwalo, iphutha kanye nedatha yesixhumi esibonakalayo ekufakweni okuthile; lawo asemadokhumendeni ephrojekthi agunyaziwe.
Ukuqinisekiswa okujwayelekile nokuhlolwa kokwamukelwa kwefekthri kufanele kuchazwe ngokwehlukana. Izinga elisebenzayo linquma ukuhlola okujwayelekile okudingekayo, kuyilapho iphrojekthi ye-FAT ingase yengeze ukuhlola okusebenzayo kokukhiya, ukulinganisa, ama-alamu, ukuxhumana noma amasiginali alingisa. Yisho inqubo yokuhlola, imfuneko yofakazi, amarekhodi kanye nezimpendulo zokungalandeli imigomo. I-"FAT ifakiwe" ibanzi kakhulu ukuthi ingakwazi ukuqhathanisa izingcaphuno.
Ukulandelana kokuhlola okungokoqobo
| Isigaba sesinqumo | Ulwazi oluzomiswa | Ingcuphe yengcaphuno uma ishiywe ivuliwe |
| Isisekelo sesistimu | Ukunikezela, ukwenza umhlaba, umdwebo womugqa owodwa nezindlela zokusebenza | Ukuqagela okuhlukile komtholi, ibhasi kanye ne-interlock |
| Umthwalo kanye nomsebenzi wephutha | Ishejuli yokulayisha, ukuhlukahluka, izinga lephutha kanye nefilosofi yokuvikela | Izilinganiso zamanje ezingenakuqhathaniswa nezesiyingi esifushane |
| Imvelo | Indawo yasendlini noma yangaphandle, indawo ezungezile, uthuli, amanzi, ukuphakama nokugqwala | Indawo ebiyelwe ehlukene, ukupholisa kanye ne-derating scope |
| Izixhumi ezibonakalayo | Ukungena kwekhebula, amatheminali, imigudu yamabhasi, amasignali okulawula nokuxhumana | Izindlala ezingekho, I/O noma isikhala semishini |
| Ukwakha | Ifomu, ukuhlukaniswa, ukufinyelela, izindlela eziyisipele kanye nenqubomgomo yengxenye | Izibonelelo ezihlukene zokugcinwa nokunwetshwa |
| Ukuqinisekisa | Amazinga asebenzayo, imibhalo, ukuhlola okujwayelekile kanye nama-FAT | Izitifiketi ezingafaki ubufakazi bokwamukela iphrojekthi |
| Ukulethwa | Ukuhlukaniswa, ukupakisha, amalebula, ukufakwa kanye nomngcele wokugunyaza | Umsebenzi wesayithi nokuvikelwa kwezokuthutha akufakiwe |
Ukulandelana kubalulekile. Ukukhetha indawo ebiyelwe kanye nohlu lomkhiqizo ngaphambi kokuthi umthwalo nomsebenzi waziwe kubuyisela emuva ingqondo yobunjiniyela. Qala ngesistimu, sungula imikhawulo kagesi, bese uthuthukisa ukwakhiwa kanye nemibhalo ezungeze leyo mikhawulo.
Linganisa ukulethwa kumongo wesayithi
Imihlangano emikhulu ingathunyelwa ngezigaba. Amajoyinti esigaba, izixhumanisi zamabhasi, izintambo zokuxhumanisa, ukuqhubeka komhlaba kanye neziyalezo zokuhlanganisa zibe yingxenye yomklamo. Chaza ingxenye enkulu yezokuthutha, ubukhulu bephakheji kanye nemikhawulo yokuphakamisa ukusuka emzileni ukuya ekamelweni likagesi-hhayi kuphela ukusuka emnyango wefekthri.
Izithiyo zomswakama, ukuvikela ukushaqeka, ama-desiccants lapho kufanele khona, ukuvuleka okuvaliwe kanye nokuhlonza okuqinile kusiza ukulondoloza ikhabethe ngesikhathi sokugcina nokuthutha. Izingxenye ezixegayo nezingxenye zokuxhuma kufanele zifakwe ohlwini futhi zipakishwe ukuze zilandelelwe kumdwebo wokufaka. Uma ukugcinwa kwesikhathi eside kulindeleke, thola imiyalelo yokulondoloza kanye nokuhlola.
Izibopho zesayithi zidinga ukucaca okulinganayo. Iziteshi eziyisisekelo, amapuleti ashumekiwe, izintambo zangaphandle, i-conductor yomhlaba, ipayipi lamabhasi, inethiwekhi yokuxhumana, amandla esikhashana kanye nemithwalo yokuthumela kungase kuhlale ngaphandle kokuhlinzekwa kwekhabhinethi. Ikhotheshini kufanele ilebule isixhumi esibonakalayo ngasinye njengoba sifakiwe, ngabanye noma sidinga ukuqinisekiswa.
Cela abahlinzeki ukuthi babuyisele ishejuli yokuthobelana, hhayi isiqinisekiso esijwayelekile
Iphakheji yophenyo kufanele iqukathe umdwebo womugqa owodwa, isimiso somthwalo, idatha yokuhlinzeka neyomhlaba, izinga lephutha, izimo zemvelo, okuhlosiwe okuvalekile, ikhebula nokuxhumana kokuxhumana, izingxenye ezigunyaziwe, uhlu lwamadokhumenti, imfuneko ye-FAT, imingcele yokupakisha kanye nendawo yokulethwa. Yisho ukuthi yimiphi imidwebo edinga ukugunyazwa ngaphambi kokwakhiwa.
Njengembuyiselo, cela ishejuli eqediwe enezilinganiso ezinikeziwe, indinganiso esebenzayo noshicilelo, isisekelo sokwehliswa, indawo ebiyelwe kanye nendlela yokupholisa, isiphakamiso sedivayisi evikelayo, ububanzi bokuqinisekisa umhlangano, uhlu lokudweba, inqubo ye-FAT, indlela yokupakisha kanye nomngcele wokulethwa. Ukuchezuka kufanele kubalwe futhi kubhekiselwe ezigabeni zomthengi. Izinto ozikhethela zona zingolayini abahlukene.
Le fomethi yempendulo yenza umehluko wezohwebo ubonakale. Ikhwothi eyodwa ingase ihlanganise amarekhodi okuqinisekisa ukuklama, izintambo ezixhumeneyo kanye nokuhlolwa kokusebenza okunofakazi; enye ingabiza kuphela ihadiwe ehlanganisiwe. Ukuqhathanisa amanani ngaphambi kokuhlukanisa lawo ma-scopes kukhiqiza umphumela odukisayo.
Susa ekukhethweni kwekhabhinethi uye kuphakheji yephrojekthi evunyelwe
Ikhabhinethi yokusabalalisa amandla isilungele ukuthengwa lapho isistimu, umsebenzi wephutha, indawo ezungezile, izixhumanisi zokusebenzelana nomzila wokuqinisekisa kungasacaciswanga. Thumela umdwebo womugqa owodwa, uhlelo lokulayisha, izimo zesayithi kanye nohlu lwamadokhumenti adingekayo nge-Ruilong ifomu lokubuza ngephrojekthi kagesi. Imbuyiselo eceliwe kufanele ifake ishejuli yobuchwepheshe, uhlelo lokudweba, ububanzi bokuhlolwa, okungafakwanga kwezohwebo kanye nokuchezuka okumenyezelwe ukuze ubunjiniyela bugunyaze ukucushwa okufanayo okuqhathaniswa nokuthenga.